Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. . (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. week 3 midterm 1.docx - Question 1 1 / 1 pts John has been In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). 23. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. Signs and Symptoms | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. They were ALL my fault. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Feeling tired. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Shock: Signs, Causes, and Types - Healthline Upset stomach and vomiting. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Thirst. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Homeostasis: How the Body Strives for Balance - Verywell Mind While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. Loss of appetite. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. Fever. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. How does hypnosis work? Has something like this ever happened to you? Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. (credit: Laurie Avocado). (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Abnormal Motor Behavior. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. B) the cause of the problem. 3. c. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation.