On thematic -e/o- verbs, the imperative ended in thematic vowel *-e. However, there is also another second-person singular active imperative ending, -si, which was attached to the verb root athematically even with thematic strong verbs. From Proto-Indo-European *mor- (frontier, border). Turkic 1200900 BC. (OldPersian, MiddlePersian) In this paper, we defend the thesis that the set of absolute, There are around sixty Indo-European roots that are (sometimes) reconstructed with a vowel *a in the scholarly literature that otherwise fully embraces the laryngeal theory. Early and Modern Irish, Scots Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Old British, Pictish, Gaulish, Celtiberian and Galatian). LowerSorbian It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. Dravidian As such, the term (s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. Avar They were used to form the present, future, and subjunctive conjugations.[14]. The Sound of the Proto-Celtic language (Numbers, Words & Story) ILoveLanguages! This page was last edited on 3 July 2022, at 11:41. Austronesian Chinese On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. English Proto-Celtic as far as ? Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. "Italo-Celtic Correspondences in Verb Formation". Uralic Friulian TocharianB Abinomn The primary endings in Proto-Celtic were as follows. Long vowels are shortened before a syllable-final resonant (V:RC > VRC); this also shortens long diphthongs. Proto-Italic English So many of the sound changes that occurred from Proto-Italic to Old Latin to Classical Latin are so interesting. Proto-Hellenic Brittonic. PIE *p is lost in PC, apparently going through the stages * (possibly a stage *[p])[10] and *h (perhaps seen in the name Hercynia if this is of Celtic origin) before being completely lost word-initially and between vowels. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971. The assumed period of language contact could then be later and perhaps continue well into the first millennium BC. Pama-Nyungan From comparison between early Old Irish and Gaulish forms it seems that Continental and Insular Celtic verbs developed differently and so the study of Irish and Welsh may have unduly weighted past opinion of Proto-Celtic verb morphology. Finnic (Old, The focus is on the development of forms from PIE to Proto-Celtic, but histories of individual words are explained in detail, and each lemma is accompanied by an extensive bibliography. Proto-Basque While investigating Continental Celtic word-formation, I have come across some isoglosses which allow a less complicated reconstruction and, last not least, a better comprehension of the, Abstract The changes occurring in the Celtic word-field designating offspring are scrutinized and arranged into a somewhat revised relative chronology. Traditionally derived from PIE *belH- ('white, shining . [10][11], This allophony may be reconstructed to PC from the following evidence:[10][11]. Sundanese first in time; beginning : giving rise to; parent substance of a (specified) substance [citation needed] It can be inferred from Gaulish and Celtiberian as well as Insular Celtic that the Proto-Celtic verb had at least three moods: A probable optative mood also features in Gaulish (tixsintor) and an infinitive (with a characteristic ending -unei) in Celtiberian.[17][18]. Aromanian E.g. How to use proto- in a sentence. Indonesian Ancient. Icelandic Malayalam Notes *Belenos. Bashkir au 3 (aue); u English meaning: from, away, of Deutsche bersetzung: "herab, weg von " Material: O.Ind. (StandardArabic, s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s); The study shows, among other things, how the, This paper presents a detailed etymological analysis of words for fox in Indo-European (IE) languages. South American It is argued that this is a regular development and that the acute accent was frequently transferred analogically to the corresponding full grade forms *Hei- and *Heu-. Il termine, trovato al plurale anche nel greco brdoi, sicuramente pi antico e proviene dal proto-celtico *bardos, a sua volta esito del proto-indoeuropeo *grdh--s ( lett. Romance Wutunhua That hypothesis fell out of favour after it was re-examined by Calvert Watkins in 1966. (Sallaands) Ojibwe 1500 entries. This question misunderstands the nature of protolanguages. This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Celtic, compared with definitions in English.. So the main sources for reconstruction come from Insular Celtic languages with the oldest literature found in Old Irish[1] and Middle Welsh,[2] dating back to authors flourishing in the 6th century AD. Proto-Celtic is usually dated to the Late Bronze Age, ca. Musi Proto-Slavic Lingwa de Planeta (Lidepla) It is also known as Common Brittonic, and was spoken from about the 6th century BC to the 6th century AD in most of Great Britain south of the Firth of Forth. One change shows non-exact parallels in Italic: vocalization of syllabic resonants next to laryngeals depending on the environment. Generally, nasal stems end in *-on-; this becomes *- in the nominative singular: *abon- "river" > *ab. TokPisin Proto-Celtic reconstruction. The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic", a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. rather unambiguous despite appeals to archaic retentions or morphological leveling. In: Schmidt, Karl Horst, Contributions from New Data to the Reconstruction of the Proto-Language. Garo ash *onno-ash *oulwan- (?) Russian The introduction contains an overview of the phonological developments from PIE to Proto-Celtic, and the volume includes an appendix treating the probable loanwords from unknown non-IE substrates in Proto-Celtic. Each lemma contains the reflexes of the Proto-Celtic words in the individual Celtic languages, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots from which they developed, as well as the cognate forms from other Indo-European languages. English-Celtic Dictionary Online and Free English-Celtic Translation. Cornish Dictionary. Formosan A Celtic Encyclopedia. 1.0 1.1 Matasovi, Ranko (2009), "*wasto-", in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, ISBN, page 404 ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wrterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern . Etymological dictionary of proto-Celtic Author: Ranko Matasovi Summary: "This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. ashes *loutwi-ask (*ged-) ask (*erk-, rek-) ask *l-je/o-ask *beg-e/o-, *bex-ske/o- (??) Hmong Sanskrit Entries where "Proto-Celtic" occurs: march: Translations smallage - see smallage Anagrams charm march (Welsh) Origin & history From Proto . The stem might be thematic or athematic, an open or a closed syllable. The s-, t-, and root aorist preterites take Indo-European secondary endings, while the reduplicated suffix preterite took stative endings. Vietnamese Chumashan and Hokan Cebuano Bantu Next to consonants, PC * underwent different changes: the clusters *s and *t became *xs and *xt respectively already in PC. About us. Schrijver supposes that its athematic present was used clause-initially and the thematic conjugation was used when that was not the case.[28]. And unaspirated voiced stops /b d / were devoiced to [p t k] word-initially. (Bokml, Scholars who believe that Proto-Italo-Celtic was an identifiable historical language estimate that it was spoken in the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE somewhere in South-Central Europe. [6] The changes are roughly in chronological order, with changes that operate on the outcome of earlier ones appearing later in the list. Betawi That is hardly even a cousin, it is practically a sister! Yiddish This is the main category of the Proto-Celtic language. Wiktionary Advertisement Find Similar Words Find similar words to proto-celtic using the buttons below. The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic", a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. Turkish Matasovis conclusion that finally, the fact that there appear to be only a few, Abstract Despite more than a century of research, the origin of the Insular Celtic double system of verbal inflection is still debated. Okinawan This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Javanese Ivi, Dubravka. PIE *sp- became Old Irish s (lenited f-, exactly as for PIE *sw-) and Brythonic f; while Schrijver 1995, p.348 argues there was an intermediate stage *s- (in which * remained an independent phoneme until after Proto-Insular Celtic had diverged into Goidelic and Brythonic), McCone 1996, pp. On the Isle of Man, the phrase 'fairy tree' often refers to the elder tree. Imperative endings in Proto-Celtic were as follows:[14]:147148, The second-person singular imperative was generally endingless in the active; no ending was generally added to athematic verbs. Possibly, post-consonantal laryngeals are lost when before pre-tonic close vowels: Possibly, vocalization of laryngeals to * between a *CR cluster and consonantal *j (CRHjV > CRjV), Syllabic laryngeals become *a (CHC > CaC), Syllabic resonants before a voiced unaspirated stop become *Ra (RD > RaD). If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and . German Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Portuguese Want to add New Dictionary? The -ase- variant originated in roots that ended in a laryngeal in Proto-Indo-European; when the *-se- suffix was attached right after a laryngeal, the laryngeal regularly vocalized into *-a-. Zealandic) Bikol Central Category:Proto-Celtic lemmas: Proto-Celtic lemmas, categorized by their part of speech. Thai Burushaski The notion of a special Italo-Celtic subgroup was broadly accepted until mid 20th century. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. It is a descendant of the Proto-Indo-European (h)se-desirative, with i-reduplication in many verbs. IE nom.sg. The collective memory of the Proto-Israelites suffering in Canaan under Egyptian oppression and those suffering in Egypt merged in the genesis of Israel's story of origin from the transformation of oral tradition into written text. However, if some of the forms are archaic elements of Proto-Indo-European that were lost in other branches, neither model of post-PIE relationship must be postulated. These changes are shared by several other Indo-European branches. Numbers in Proto-Brythonic How to count in Proto-Brythonic, the reconstructed ancestor of the Brythonic branch of the Insular Celtic languages (Welsh, Cornish, Breton and Cumbric). Dutch Papiamento (Mandarin SiberianTatar I can only find a few examples of this saying online, but lots of examples of the apple never falls far from the tree and similar sayings. Interlingua Georgian Though Continental Celtic presents much substantiation for Proto-Celtic phonology, and some for its morphology, recorded material is too scanty to allow a secure reconstruction of syntax, though some complete sentences are recorded in the Continental Gaulish and Celtiberian. The Gaulish conversion of *wo to ua is regular. Gujarati Cornish 188K subscribers Like 57K views 2 years ago This video was made for educational purposes only. Ancillary study: Sound Change, the Italo-Celtic Linguistic Unity, and the Italian Homeland of Celtic", "Early Celtic among the Indo-European dialects", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italo-Celtic&oldid=1132194659, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. the assimilation of *p to a following *k. Fundamental All languages Proto-Celtic. Omissions? Tuvaluan gcse.src = 'https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=' + cx; Afrikaans Italian Hiligaynon Slavic This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. Proto-Celtic This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Hmong-Mien This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Proto-Celtic is believed to have had nouns in three genders, three numbers and five to eight cases. The following consonants have been reconstructed for Proto-Celtic (PC): PC stops allophonically manifest similarly to those in English. Breton Elamite (Neapolitan, It is also possible that some of these are not innovations, but shared conservative features, i.e. There are *o-stems, *-stems, *i-stems, *u-stems, dental stems, velar stems, nasal stems, *r-stems and *s-stems. Guaran Ladan ScottishGaelic Hakka, Derived from Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth--s (standing beneath), from *up (under) + *steh- (to stand) + *-s (agent suffix). (AncientGreek) (Sinitic, Sino-Tibetan: The traditional interpretation of the data is that both sub-groups of the Indo-European language family are generally more closely related to each other than to the other Indo-European languages. Lojban Min For example, in Classical Latin the word for "tongue" or "language" is lingua, which comes from Old Latin * dingua from PI * denw. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiced aspirate stops *b, *d, *g/, merge with *b, *d, *g/ in PC. It is claimed that the morpheme in question, reconstructed here as *-is < *-io-os, evolved in, ABSTRACT De origine scoticae linguae (DOSL, also known as OMulconrys Glossary) is an etymological glossary dating from around the late-seventh or early-eighth century. Proto-Balto-Slavic Dictionary Meanings Proto-celtic Definition Proto-celtic Definition Meanings Definition Source Pronoun Filter pronoun The putative ancestor of all the known Celtic languages. })(); (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Cornish Dictionary Egyptian Ancillary study: Sound Change, the Italo-Celtic Linguistic Unity, and the Italian Homeland of Celtic", "Laryngeal Realism and early Insular Celtic orthography", "Old Irish cuire, its congeners, and the ending of the 2nd sg. Chavacano Gothic Sequences of velar and *w merge into the labiovelars (it is uncertain if this preceded or followed the next change; that is, whether gw > b or gw > g, but Schumacher 2004 argues on p.372 that this change came first; moreover, it is also found in Proto-Italic, and thus arguably belongs to the previous section): Aspirated stops lose their aspiration and merge with the voiced stops (except that this. In historical linguistics, Italo-Celtic is a hypothetical grouping of the Italic and Celtic branches of the Indo-European language family on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others. *mori 'body of water, sea' (neuter) (Gaulish Mori- ~ Old Irish muir ~ Welsh mr), E.g. Telugu Dictionary entries. OldChinese, Indo-Aryan: Germanic Tajik Celtic Dictionary. Galician The article discusses a number of cases in which Proto-Indo-European word-initial sequences of the type *Hi- and *Hu- yield an acute vowel in Baltic and in Slavic. It was a descendant of the subjunctive of an Indo-European sigmatic thematic formation *-seti. Welsh It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. Arabic: Thus, PIE *gen- 'woman' became Old Irish and Old Welsh ben, but PIE *gn- 'to kill, wound' became Old Irish gonaid and Welsh gwanu. Please, contact us for this at ats [at] ats-group [dot] net, Advanced Translation Services| Copyright 2001-2023| ATS Translation, Professional Hungarian Translation Services. Celtic words for fence, hurdle, lattice and related things come from the same root: more details, as do words for left and related things. Celtic languages, also spelled Keltic, branch of the Indo-European language family, spoken throughout much of Western Europe in Roman and pre-Roman times and currently known chiefly in the British Isles and in the Brittany peninsula of northwestern France. It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method. See More Copyright Year: 2009 Hardback Availability: Published ISBN: 978-90-04-17336-1 Publication date: Buginese Proto-Celtic English *-agno- descendant, child *go-mro- warlike *agos- (Ir. Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. Sumerian French Northern Kurdish *bitus 'world, existence' (masculine) (Gaulish Bitu- ~ Old Irish bith ~ Welsh byd ~ Breton bed), Before the *-s of the nominative singular, a velar consonant was fricated to *-x: *rg- "king" > *rxs. What is commonly accepted is that the shared features may usefully be thought of as Italo-Celtic forms, as they are certainly shared by the two families and are almost certainly not coincidental. In: This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 18:40. But a simple division into P- / Q-Celtic may be untenable, as it does not do justice to the evidence of the ancient Continental Celtic languages. The Leiden University has compiled etymological dictionaries of various IE languages, a project supervised by Alexander Lubotsky and which includes a Proto-Celtic dictionary by Ranko Matasovi. (MiddleKorean) The phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) to Proto-Celtic (PC) may be summarized as follows. Two of these verbs are *bwiyeti "to be, exist" (subjunctive *bweti) and *klinutor "to hear" (subjunctive *klowetor).[22]. In historical linguistics, Italo-Celtic is a hypothetical grouping of the Italic and Celtic branches of the Indo-European language family on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others. Please support me on. It would then analogically spread to other Celtic strong verb roots ending in sonorants in addition to the weak verbs, even if the root did not originally end in a laryngeal. A collection of Celtic cognates, with definitions, pronunciation, etymologies - includes the modern Celtic languages, older versions of these languages, such as Middle Welsh, Old Irish, and their extinct and reconstructed relatives and ancestors, including Gaulish, Celtiberian, Proto-Brythonic and Proto-Celtic. Bangala (Similarly, Grimm's law did not apply to *p, t, k after *s in Germanic, and the same exception occurred again in the High German consonant shift.). Armenian They are usually considered to be innovations, likely to have developed after the breakup of the Proto-Indo-European language. Malagasy [3] The fact that it is possible to reconstruct a Proto-Celtic word for 'iron' (traditionally reconstructed as *sarnom) has long been taken as an indication that the divergence into individual Celtic languages did not start until the Iron Age (8th century BCE to 1st century BCE); otherwise, descendant languages would have developed their own, unrelated words for their metal. [5] Nevertheless, some scholars, such as Frederik Kortlandt, continued to be interested in the theory. It had both athematic and thematic conjugations in the present tense. Celtic and Indo-European scholars, linguists interested in etymology and problems of linguistic reconstruction. var gcse = document.createElement('script'); Kangean Gelao Proto-Bantu Greek Similar developments appear in Italic, but for the syllabic nasals *m, *n, the result is Proto-Italic *m, *n (> Latin em ~ im, en ~ in). The stem vowel in the t-preterite was leveled to *e if the next consonant was either velar or *m, and *i in front of *r or *l.[20], One major formation of the future in Celtic, the s-future. (MinNan, (, Plosives become *x before a different plosive or *s (CC > xC, Cs > xs), The reduplicated suffixless preterite (originating from the PIE reduplicated stative), This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 23:21. Khmer The most common alternative interpretation is that the proximity of Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic over a long period could have encouraged the parallel development of what were already quite separate languages, as areal features within a Sprachbund. The principal lemmata are alphabetically arranged words reconstructed for Proto-Celtic. As someone who has studied Classical Latin for years, Proto-Italic is fascinating to me. Finnish (Shanghainese, This category contains only the following page. Falling Apples. MauritianCreole This category has the following 13 subcategories, out of 13 total. Cantonese, Baltic Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Indo-Iranian As such, the term (s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. [16]:62[14]:220. 4445 finds it more economical to believe that *sp- remained unchanged in PC, that is, the change *p to * did not happen when *s preceded. (Sichuanese, Min Dong), Contents 1 Proto-Celtic 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Noun 1.2.1 Declension 1.2.2 Descendants 1.3 References Proto-Celtic [ edit] Etymology [ edit] Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. Guinea-BissauCreole on July 14, 2017, This is a cleaned version of the original file found on The Internet, There are no reviews yet. *e before a resonant and *a (but not *) becomes *a as well (eRa > aRa): *elH-ro > *gelaro > *galaro / *grH-no > *gerano > *garano (Joseph's rule). Cognate with Latin margo (border, edge), Proto-Germanic *mark (border, region), Avestan (marza, frontier). Kuki-Chin The Celtic Lexicon will contain the reconstructed Proto-Celtic vocabulary and the attested cognates in the ancient and modern Celtic languages (i.e. WestCoastBajau Nynorsk) Updates? [2][3] Matasovi, however, is confused at how the -o- in *uo- became -a- in Gaulish and Brythonic. Algonquian and Iroquoian Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. [8], Emphatic support for an Italo-Celtic clade came from Celtologist Peter Schrijver in 1991. *dug, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wrterbuch, "The Origin of the Welsh Englyn and Kindred Metres", Celto-Germanic Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West, "17. (Tashelhit, Occitan Tagalog A number of other similarities continue to be pointed out and debated.[13]. Catalan Irish Norwegian: Bengali Zazaki This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. Category:Proto-Celtic names: Proto-Celtic terms that are used to refer to specific individuals or groups. The considerable genetic legacies of the Vikings, Normans and Ulster plantations has uncovered a previously hidden genetic landscape, shaped by invasions and migrations. web pages Search the history of over 797 billion A Celtic Encyclopedia Paginator2 Polish This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 05:09. Nouns fall into nine or so declensions, depending on stem. This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Proto-Indo-Iranian Tunisian) This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2023-03-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2023-03-01 using wiktextract.. Suzhounese), var cx = 'partner-pub-0611072400049090:f017sb-yloo'; For a list of words relating to Proto-Celtic language, see the, However, according to Hackstein (2002) *CH.CC > in unstressed medial syllables. 1500 entries. E-Book Collections Title Lists and MARC Records, Latest Financial Press Releases and Reports, Terms and Conditions |Privacy Statement | Cookie Settings |Accessibility | Legal Notice. This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 06:08. Maranao Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden; The Teacher's Grammar of English: A Course Book; Rethinking the Administrative Presidency: Trust, Otto Treumann: Graphic Design in the Netherlands; SOON Timepiece Phenomena: adventures in concept; Cartoon Modern: Style and Design in Fifties; Filmstile book; Neuropsychology: From Theory to Practice / Uploaded by LowSaxon You can email a link to this page to a colleague or librarian: The link was not copied. Swahili on the Internet. Proto-Celtic is often associated with the Urnfield culture and particularly with the Hallstatt culture. Marathi American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. *m is assimilated or lost before a glide: *p assimilates to *k when another *k follows later in the word (pk > kk). A friend asked me to look into the origins of the saying An acorn doesn't fall far from the tree. Penutian Contents 1 Proto-Celtic 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Noun 1.2.1 Inflection 1.2.2 Alternative reconstructions 1.2.3 Descendants 1.3 References Proto-Celtic [ edit] gcse.async = true; Goidelic. In Celtic languages: Common Celtic The reconstruction of Common Celtic (or Proto-Celtic)the parent language that yielded the various tongues of Continental Celtic and Insular Celticis of necessity very tentative. Oto-Manguean Cape Verdean (Middle, Japanese Raji-Raute, Primary subjunctive formations in Proto-Celtic generally use the e-grade of the verb root, even if the present stem uses the zero-grade. English-Cornish Online Dictionary. We argue that most IE fox-words go back to two distinct PIE stems: *hlp-e- fox and, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Celtic, compared with definitions in English. The -the in Old Irish is secondary. This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Irish dictionary. Latin Romani The. 1500 entries. va " from, down ", mostly prefix from verbs . Ido The German philologist Sabine Ziegler, however, drawing parallels with reconstructions of the Proto-Celtic language morphology (whose nouns are classified according to the vowels that characterize their endings), limited the archaic Irish endings of the singular genitive to -i, -as, -os and -ais . Tahitian gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; Belenus. The analysis was based on the DNA of 1,000 Irish individuals and 6,000 from Britain and mainland Europe - and confirms the vast extent of migration between the two islands. The Old Irish a- and s-future come from here.[21]. Berber: Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary, Category:Requests concerning Proto-Celtic, Given names from Proto-Celtic by language, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Proto-Celtic_language&oldid=70848475, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.