An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. He was convinced that the Muslim religion had fallen into utter degeneration as a result of moral depravity of the Hausa Emirs. British colony and protectorate from 1914 to 1960, Contemporary photograph of the same building, now housing the, Developments in colonial policy under Clifford, Emergence of Southern Nigerian nationalism, Constitutional conferences in the UK (195758), All of this section to this point is from. As before, Aro merchants dominated trade in the hinterland, including palm products to the coast and the sale of slaves within Igboland. The Emirs and chiefs who are appointed will rule over the people as of old-time and take such taxes as are approved by the High Commissioner, but they will obey the laws of the Governor and will act in accordance with the advice of the Resident. The Delta streams were called "oil rivers". They had obtained the assent of the emirs to form a political party to counterbalance the activities of the southern-based parties. West Africa | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1) In contrast to Lugard, Clifford argued that colonial government had the responsibility to introduce as quickly as practical the benefits of Western experience. Though the Europeans possess many considerable settlements both upon the coast of Africa and in the East Indies, they have not yet established in either of those countries such numerous and thriving colonies as those in the islands and continent of America. The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. [11], By the 1880s, the National African Company became the dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between 1882 and 1893. African nationalism is a political movement for the unification of Africa (Pan-Africanism) and for national self-determination. Newspapers, some of which were published before World War I, provided coverage of nationalist views. [9] Administration and military control of the territory was conducted primarily by white Britons, both in London and in Nigeria. Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. [8], Through a progressive sequence of regimes, the British imposed Crown Colony government on much of the area of West Africa which came to be known as Nigeria, a form of rule which was both autocratic and bureaucratic. [56], Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities. The NPC platform emphasized the integrity of the north, its traditions, religion and social order. 0 Wishlist. Out of reverence for traditional kingship, for instance, the Oba of Benin, whose office was closely identified with Edo religion, was accepted as the sponsor of a Yoruba political movement. However, in October 1929 in Oloko a census related to taxation was conducted, and the women in the area suspected that this was a prelude to the extension of direct taxation, which had been imposed on the men the previous year. (This was also reflective of growing pan-Africanism among American activists of the time.) The Niger Delta and Calabar, which once had been known for the export of slaves, became notable for the export of palm oil. In the meantime, public sector spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings. Three of these posts were assigned to representatives from each region, and one was reserved for a delegate from the Northern Cameroons. Significantly, the regional governments controlled public expenditures derived from revenues raised within each region. In 1957, the Western and the Eastern regions became formally self-governing under the parliamentary system. Facebook Instagram Email. Its architecture was in both Victorian and Brazilian style, as many of the black elite were English-speakers from Sierra Leone and freedmen repatriated from the Empire of Brazil and Spanish Cuba. In the north many emirates did not take military action, but the deposed caliph, Atahiru I, rebelled in 1903. Taxes became a source of discontent in the south, however, and contributed to disturbances protesting British policy. What are the factors that attracted the British to conquer India [11], Britain's imperialistic posture became more aggressive towards the end of the century. The NPC was called on to form a government, but the NCNC received six of the ten ministerial posts. There were some specific outcomes and impacts for Africans as a result of WWI. The country was divided politically, lacking European rivals, and no sense of national unity. Azikiwe had less interest in purely Nigerian goals than did Davies, a student of Harold Laski at the London School of Economics, whose political orientation was considered left-wing. [16] Starting in 1740, the British were the primary European slave trafficker from this area. Rather than seeing themselves as Zulu, Xhoasa, Sotho, etc, nationalist leaders wanted Africans to view themselves as South Africans. Hon. Laird's efforts were stimulated by the detailed reports of a pioneer German explorer, Heinrich Barth, who travelled through much of Borno and the Sokoto Caliphate, where he recorded information about the region's geography, economy and inhabitants. In the immediate post-World War II period, Nigeria benefited from a favourable trade balance. In the north, appeals to Islamic legitimacy upheld the rule of the emirs, so that nationalist sentiments were related to Islamic ideals. British business interests wanted to use this to create a monopoly over the industry, but Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's Liberal government and subsequent war coalition favored allowing international free trade. After initially adopting an indirect rule approach, in 1906 the British merged the small Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate into a new Colony of Southern Nigeria, and in 1914 that was combined with the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. But by providing for comparable regional governments exercising broad legislative powers, which could not be overridden by the newly established 185-seat federal House of Representatives, the Macpherson Constitution also gave a significant boost to regionalism. "Separatist Agitations in Nigeria Since 1914." FACTORS THAT LED TO NATIONALISM IN NIGERIA. On a subsequent expedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, Scottish explorer Hugh Clapperton learned about the mouth of the Niger River, and where it reached the sea, but after suffering malaria, depression and dysentery, he died before confirming it. It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy, which resulted in an inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950. These include the fact that military conscription (draft) of numerous African colonial subjects into European armies generated great amounts of anger. Slaves formerly had been traded for European goods, especially guns and gunpowder, but now the British encouraged trade in palm oil in the Niger delta states, ostensibly to replace the trade in slaves. There were three main factors that contributed to the European colonization Africa which were, political, social, and economic. These recourses were considered a necessity to the industrialization of the world . The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. The federal government retained specified powers, including responsibility for banking, currency, external affairs, defence, shipping and navigation and communications, but real political power was centred in the regions. The Igbo redirected slaves into the domestic economy, especially to grow the staple food crop, yams, in northern Igboland for marketing throughout the palm-tree belt. Independence was achieved on 1 October 1960. "The agents performed similar but more expansive roles as their Company counterparts. One of the most effective tactics, the British used to take over most of India. In one year, Lugard recruited 2600 troops, evenly split between Hausa and Yoruba. [78], After establishing political control of the country, the British implemented a system of taxation in order to force the indigenous Africans to shift from subsistence farming to wage labour. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. He also led the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. British and French traders did a large share of this business until 1807 when they were replaced by the Portuguese and the Spaniards. 2. Du Bois. African Resistance to European Imperialism: Conflicts & Impact A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. The most striking departure was in the Northern Region, where special provisions brought the regional constitution into consonance with Islamic law and custom. He was contemptuous of the educated and Westernised African elite found more in the South, and he recommended transferring the capital from Lagos, the cosmopolitan city where the influence of these people was most pronounced, to Kaduna in the north. These were the Agent-General, the Senior Judicial Officer, and the Commandant of the Constabulary. To raise additional revenues, Lugard took steps to institute a uniform tax structure patterned on the traditional system that he had adopted in the north during his tenure there. There were three main factors that contributed to the European colonization Africa which were, political, social, and economic. Missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. British staffs in each region continued to operate according to procedures developed before unification. [73] The spread of the disease was quick and deadly, with an estimated 1.5% of the population of Lagos falling victim. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive . Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. In 1894 the territory was redesignated the Niger Coast Protectorate and was expanded to include the region from Calabar to Lagos Colony and Protectorate, including the hinterland, and northward up the Niger River as far as Lokoja, the headquarters of the Royal Niger Company. [58], Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". The officers of the RWAFF were British. [61], The task of unification was achieved on the eve of World War I. The rapid expansion in exports, especially after 1830, occurred precisely at the time slave exports collapsed. Africans also were represented on the Lagos Legislative Council, a largely appointed assembly. In 1958 exportation of Nigerian oil was initiated at facilities constructed at Port Harcourt. Britain also annexed Freetown in Sierra Leone, declaring it a Crown Colony in 1808.[20]. The British responded to such evidence of rivalry by defending their right to free navigation on the river at the Berlin West Africa Conference of 188485. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Village Heads were paid 10 shillings for conscripts, and fined 50 if they failed to supply. But the war had more concrete consequences. History of the British Takeover of Nigeria - U.OSU THE FULANI CONQUEST AND RULE OF THE HAUSA KINGDOM 235 from 1804, the date of the Hegira. He was aware that the Muslim north would present problems, but he had hopes for progress along the lines which he laid down in the south, where he anticipated "general emancipation" leading to a more representative form of government. These schools would teach "the basic principles that would and should regulate character and conduct". Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing to undertake. NEPU formed a parliamentary alliance with the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. Their common denominators tended to be based on newly assertive ethnic consciousness, particularly that of the Yoruba and Igbo. Goods were made available on credit to African middlemen, who were expected to trade them at a pre-arranged price and deliver the proceeds to the company. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. The influx of cowrie led to inflation. [57], Egerton also supervised improvements to the Lagos harbour and extension of the local telegraph network. Timeline of the British Empire - Historic UK 1) Lack of British Personnel: Obviously Nigeria was not the only West African country colonized by the British, other countries like Ghana, Sierra-Leone and The Gambia were part of the British colonies. Most Europeans tended to overlook their own differences and were surprised and shocked that Nigerians wanted to develop new denominations independent of European control. He definitely laid the basis for British claims. With one man in practical control of the Executive and Legislative organs of all the parts, the machine may work passably for sufficient time to enable the transition period to be left behind, by which time the answer to the problemUnitary v. Federal Statewill probably have become clear. Aside from the possibility of treasure, the European governments aimed to find a passage through the Americas to Asia. In the South, only English had official status. ", Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. (Specifically it would enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) What Were Reasons for European Exploration of the Americas? 1 Economic Motives. british empire - What were the main causes of successful take over of 11 Effects Of Colonialism In Nigeria - Information Guide in Nigeria necessitated by several factors. The company received 865,000 compensation for the loss of its Charter. Subsequent revisions contained in the Lyttleton Constitution, enacted in 1954, firmly established the federal principle and paved the way for independence. By the mid-1940s, the major ethnic groups had formed such associations as the Igbo Federal Union and the Egbe Omo Oduduwa (Society of the Descendants of Oduduwa), a Yoruba cultural movement, in which Awolowo played a leading role. In the north, the emirs intended to maintain firm control on economic and political change. Some of the treaties contained prohibitions on diplomacy conducted without British permission, or other promises to abide by British rule. Gradually, however, the trade forced major economic and social changes in the interior, although it hardly undermined slavery and the slave trade. by | Jun 15, 2022 | north node conjunct neptune synastry | greek mythology son falls in love with mother | Jun 15, 2022 | north node conjunct neptune synastry | greek mythology son falls in love with mother The Governor was, in effect, the coordinator for virtually autonomous entities that had overlapping economic interests but little in common politically or socially. The Fulani conquest and rule of the Hausa Kingdom of Northern Nigeria Herbert Richmond Palmer developed details of this model from 1906 to 1911 as the Governor of Northern Nigeria after Lugard.[66]. Northern leaders committed to modernization were also firmly connected to the traditional power structure. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria FACTORS THAT LED TO NATIONALISM IN NIGERIA - keypoint Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. They never were able to elect sizeable legislative delegations, but they served as a means of public expression for minority concerns. In April 1927, the British colonial government in Nigeria took measures to enforce the Native Revenue (Amendment) Ordinance. The Colonial Office approved most of Lugard's plan, but balked at authorising him to pass laws without their approval. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. In contrast, the British pursued comparatively limited settlement and institutional transformation in the more populous and more politically and economically developed preco-lonial areas. Local rulers continued to administer their territories, but consular authorities assumed jurisdiction for the equity courts established earlier by the foreign mercantile communities. Quiz. They received attention from major parties before elections, at which time either a dominant party from another region or the opposition party in their region sought their alliance. The departure of Azikiwe and other Igbo members of the NYM left the organisation in Yoruba hands. The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. Protestant sects had flourished in Christianity since the Protestant Reformation; the emergence of independent Christian churches in Nigeria (as of black denominations in the United States) was another phase of this history. [37] Economically, local colonial administrators also pushed for the imposition of British colonial rule, believing that trade and taxation conducted in British pounds would prove far more lucrative than a barter trade which yielded only inconsistent customs duties. British are not always carriers of high economic freedom (see Pakistan, Sierra Leone, Bangladesh, and Nigeria). The British also created "divide and rule" policies, pitting Hindu and Muslim Indians against one another. Britain also encouraged the formation of the Muslim League of India in 1907. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. Christian missionaries were barred, and the limited government efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions.[67]. When Faidherbe and his successors proceeded with their conquest of the hinterlands they met with strong and sustained resistance from a number of sources including the Moors, the Toucouleur Empire of Segou under Al Hajj Umar and the powerful Almamy . It soon gained a virtual monopoly over trade along the River[11]. In large measure, European missionaries assumed the value of colonial rule in terms of promoting education, health and welfare measures, thereby effectively reinforcing colonial policy. Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from Nyasaland and established British presence in Uganda. The said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves to protect the said King and Chiefs from the attacks of any neighbouring tribes (Ibid.). We bind ourselves not to have any intercourse with any strangers or foreigners except through the said national African Company (Limited), and we give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to exclude all other strangers and foreigners from their territory at their discretion. [36], The company, as was common among European businesses in Africa, paid its native workers in barter. Crowther was succeeded as bishop by a British cleric. His objective was to conquer the entire region and to obtain recognition of the British protectorate by its indigenous rulers, especially the Fulani emirs of the Sokoto Caliphate. [67], This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to whom obedience was a mark of religious devotion, did not welcome change. [] These intermediaries assisted government diplomacy and helped to establish and maintain relations between the company and the traditional rulers. brighton grey motion loveseat; waterford, ct obituaries; jane wymark children. Why was Britain able to establish an Empire in India These policies met with ongoing resistance. European Colonialism in Africa. He said that he did "not consider that their past traditions and their present backward cultural conditions afford to any such experiment a reasonable chance of success". Thus Spain and Portugal set up colonies in Central and South America after it was discovered by Columbus. The goal of activists initially was not self-determination, but increased participation on a regional level in the governmental process. To establish settled government in the newly won districts; To improve and extend native footpaths throughout the country; To construct properly graded roads in the more populated districts; To clear the numerous rivers in the country and make them suitable for launch and canoe traffic; and. The early Nigerian nationalist did not seek independence. Ken Swindell, "The Commercial Development of the North: Company and Government Relations, 19001906". The Mad Rush Into Africa in the Early 1880s Within just 20 years, the political face of Africa had changed, with only Liberia (a colony run by formerly enslaved African Americans) and Ethiopia remaining free of European control . Alan Lennox-Boyd, M.P., the British Secretary of State for the Colonies. The appointment of Joseph Chamberlain as colonial secretary in 1895 especially marked a shift towards new territorial ambitions of the British Empire. Because of the hazards of climate and tropical diseases for Europeans and the absence of any centralized authorities on the mainland responsive to their interests, European merchants moored their ships outside harbours or in the delta, and used the ships as trading stations and warehouses. The Colonial Office could veto or revise his policies. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-factors-that-led-to-the-colonization-of-africa-by-the-europeans-PLa41Sz5 Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. Another court was established in 1856 at Calabar, based on an agreement with local Efik traders which prohibited them from interfering with British merchants. In the 1850s, quinine had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a Liverpool merchant, Macgregor Laird, opened the river. SLAVE TRADE - Central Connecticut State University Sometimes forced labour was used directly for public works projects. Borno capitulated without a fight, but in 1903 Lugard's RWAFF mounted assaults on Kano and Sokoto. The search for oil, begun in 1908 and abandoned a few years later, was revived in 1937 by Shell and British Petroleum. Afeadie, Philip Atsu. [72] In line with this attitude, he rejected Lugard's proposal for moving the capital from Lagos, the stronghold of the elite in whom he placed so much confidence for the future. PDF BRITISH CONQUEST, COLONIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA - ResearchGate PDF THE IMPLIATIONS OF RITISH OLONIAL EONOMI POLIIES ON NIGERIA'S - garph The only significant interruption in economic development arose from natural disasterthe Great Drought of 191314. The British colonial agricultural and industrial policies in Nigeria have implications for the country's economic advancement. British expansion accelerated in the last decades of the nineteenth century. ", Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Catholic missionaries were particularly active among the Igbo; the CMS worked among the Yoruba. Lugard informed the leaders of conquered Sokoto: The Fulani in old times [] conquered this country. For some time, missionaries operated in the area between Lagos and Ibadan. Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. All were knighted. Much of the human trafficking which occurred there was nominally illegal, and records from this time and place are not comprehensive. A permanent British occupation of Egypt required the inviolability of the Ni To some extent, competition amongst these companies undermined their collective position vis--vis, local merchants. [64], Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. What are the Factors which facilitated the rise of Colonialism? Lagos was annexed as a Crown Colony in 1861 via the Lagos Treaty of Cession.[30]. 3. These included the decline of the Mughal Empire. In 1916, Sir Edward Carson led the majority of the Conservative and Unionist Party to vote against Party Leader Bonar Law on the issue, forcing it to withdraw from the Asquith coalition and for the government to begin to break apart. [59], Lugard advocated constantly for the unification of the whole territory, and in August 1911 the Colonial Office asked Lugard to lead the amalgamated colony.[60]. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria In German East Africa, Britain took over Tangayika while Ruanda-Urundi possessions were given to Belgium. The policy of indirect rule used in Northern Nigeria became a model for British colonies elsewhere in Africa. The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. History of Nigeria - Wikipedia Nigeria - The arrival of the British | Britannica The preparation of a new federal constitution for an independent Nigeria was carried out at conferences held at Lancaster House in London in 1957 and 1958, which were presided over by The Rt. [32] This included a river fleet which it used for retaliatory attacks on uncooperative villages.